Method: First, a theoretical basis for naming deficits in patients with aphasia is provided. Then, current options for semantic-based treatment of naming deficits are reviewed. Previous work from our laboratory indicates that training atypical examples of semantic categories resulted in generalization to untrained typical examples, whereas training typical examples did not result in generalization to untrained atypical examples.

The usefulness of the typicality treatment approach is discussed in the context of recent studies from our laboratory that have examined this approach across a variety of semantic categories, including animate categories (e.g., birds), inanimate categories (e.g., furniture), well-defined categories such as "shapes," and goal derived categories such as "things to have in a garage sale."

Conclusions: We suggest that the success of the treatment seemingly relies on the stringent selection of typical/atypical examples and on highlighting the variation of semantic features of the trained category as part of the treatment protocol.

Method: First, we describe the unique, interactive computer software program developed for individuals with aphasia to practice conversations that have been individually scripted for them. In AphasiaScripts^TM, an avatar serves as the virtual therapist or conversational partner. The simplicity of the user interface allows the person with aphasia to quickly learn how to use the program and to manage the level of supportive cueing needed. Second, we clarify the role of the speech-language pathologist in the light of new technology that allows the person with aphasia to practice these conversations intensively and independently.

Conclusions: AphasiaScripts^TM serves as an example of a software program that makes use of advanced computer technology, yet still requires the clinical expertise of the speech-language pathologist.

Method: A think tank and conference took place in Toronto, Canada, in September 2007 with the purpose of mobilizing a process of collaboration to document and collect evidence related to social approaches to aphasia. Using a framework called "Living with Aphasia: Framework for Outcome Measurement" (A-FROM), meeting participants worked to identify evidence available in the literature related to social approaches, identify gaps in evidence, and establish a plan to move forward in the process of establishing a comprehensive evidence base.

Results: A preliminary summary of evidence was defined according to A-FROM domains, and weaknesses and gaps were identified. Concrete directions for the future were set forth as action plans.

Conclusions: This report on the outcomes of the international think tank serves as an invitation to those interested in furthering the evidence for social approaches to aphasia to become involved in a collaborative process of evaluating and collecting evidence.

Method: This article discusses the rationale for the application of cortical stimulation and reviews three different methods of delivering cortical brain stimulation—repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and epidural cortical stimulation. Each of these methods has been applied to the rehabilitation of language after stroke, and some of the key studies that have addressed the use of cortical stimulation as a potential treatment for post-stroke aphasia are described.

Conclusions: Pilot results suggest a potential role for cortical stimulation as an adjuvant strategy in aphasia rehabilitation. Further investigation of each method of stimulation and its impact on language recovery is warranted. Suggestions for the direction of future research are discussed.